The Genesys system, developed by Dr. Ron Baecker in MIT's Lincoln Laboratory from 1967-69, was one of the world's first interactive systems for real-time animation. The system had features that are still not available on the most “advanced” animation systems, despite being implemented in 1969 on a computer (the TX-2), which had less memory and processing power than a modern cell phone.
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More to the point, features of Genesys, such as “p-curves,” are of great relevance in the support of things like “chalktalk” dialogues. Yet, this aspect of Baecker’s work has essentially been ignored since he first demonstrated its power. But it was in technique and not technology alone, that Baecker helped pave the way for modern HCI. One of his other innovations was to involve trained animators in the development and testing process – well before the term “user centered design” and “participatory design” had ever been coined. The system involves the process of "interactive computer-mediated animation", in which dynamic displays are constructed by utilizing direct console commands, algorithms, free-hand sketches, and real-time actions. The resulting "movie" can then be immediately viewed and altered.
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| Demonstration use of the Genesys system by a animation student. |
Genesys utilizes a special kind of interactive computer-mediated animation that exploits the potentialities of direct graphical interaction. The animator may sketch and refine (1) static images to be used as components of individual frames of the movie, and (2) static and dynamic images that represent dynamic behaviour; that is, movement and rhythm. Because these latter pictures drive algorithms to generate dynamic displays, the process is called "picture-driven animation". In Genesys you didn’t have to do frame-byframe, or “stop” animation. You could draw the ball, and then draw the path. The path is what is shown in this image. Most important, the tablet captured the dynamics with which you drew the path, and that defined therefore determined the path and dynamics of the ball along that path.
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| Shapes are drawn freehand using a tablet. |
Interactive Computer-Mediated Animation by Ronald M. Baccker (June. 1969) MIT
Baecker, R.M. (1969). Picture-Driven Animation. Proceedings of the AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference, 273-288. |
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