| 1945-49 |
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| In 1945 Perry Crawford after seen ENIAC suggested to Jay Forrester that a digital computer was the solution for Navy flight simulator being developed at MIT. |
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 1944-48 US Navy funds general-purpose flight simulator by Jay Forrester. |
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| In 1946 ENIAC's ten-digit counter plane showed real-time visual output. These "decade counters" called "accumulators" formed the backbone of the computer. |
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| In June 1946, Dr Freddie Williams started active investigation at TRE into the storage of both analog and digital information on a Cathode Ray Tube. |
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| 1947 Williams Tube CRT computer storage system. |
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| 1947 Dec 23, William Shockley, Brattain & Bardeen successfully tested this point-contact transistor, setting off the semiconductor revolution. |
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The Whirlwind block diagrams were published in September 1947 as the capstone of the Whirlwind design process by Jay Forester & Everett.
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1947 ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC Universal automatic computer. The first sales brochure ever published for an electronic digital computer.
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In 1948 June 21, Tom Kilburn effective proof CRT storage was possible by designing and builting a small computer (the Baby) using his CRT store.
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| First stored program (the Baby) by Tom Kilburn executed 21st June 1948. The program found the highest factor of a number which took 1 minute. |
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Construction of the Whirlwind machine started in 1948. Employing 175 people and costing $1 million per year taken 3 years.
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| Whirlwind went operational in 1949. First digital computer capable of displaying real time text and graphics on a video terminal, which was a oscilloscope screen. |
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| 1949 EDSAC memory display. Was the first to use cathode ray tubes to display information. The center display shows the contents of the memory. |
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| The Manchester Mark 1 (1949) used a CRT holding twice the number of bits, with display given as two "pages" of 32 * 40 bit arrays side by side. |
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| John Whitney "Five Abstract Film Exercises" won first prize at the First International Experimental Film Competition in Belgium in 1949. |
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| 1950 |
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| 1949-50 Whirlwind "bouncing Ball" demo program by Charly Adama. |
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| 1950 Whirlwind Waveform study. The Whirlwind team demonstrated mathematical programs such as simple differential equations. |
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| 1950s Oscilloscope Art Movement. |
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| Jule Charney's 1948 Princeton group, build a mathematical model of the ENIAC to demonstrate the feasibility of numerical weather prediction (April 1950) |
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| 1950-65 Ben F Laposky starts taking photographs of electronic wave forms. |
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| 1950 Peter Keetman, Oscillation photograph. |
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| 1950 Ammonshorn by Peter Keetman. Germany photography artist taken oscillation photograph in the early 1950s. |
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| 1951 |
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| 1945-52 The Whirlwind computer project. |
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| 1951 August 15, Whirlwind I Electronic Computer Division (Sales booklet). |
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| 1950-53 Oscillon 7 by Ben F. Laposky, generated with an analogue system, made visible on a CRT. One of the first analogue graphics. |
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| The world's first commercially available computer UNIVAC I was delivered on June 14, 1951 to the census bureau with a clock speed of 2.25 MHz. |
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| 1951 15 August, Whirlwind mathematical waveform. Oscilloscope display example from the Whirlwind sales booklet. |
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| Whirlwind demonstration on CBS television in December 1951. |
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| 1950s Link C-11B early analog computer flight simulators. |
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| 1950-51 "Around is Around" 3D Oscilloscope movie by Norman McLaren. |
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| 1951 Pen Point Percussion, Norman McLaren makes synthetic sound on film hand-drawn from an oscilloscope screen. |
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| Hy Hirsh creates his first abstract film Divertissement Rococo uses oscilloscope imagery. |
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| 1951 The world's first computer game "Nimrod" is shows at a exhibition in Germany. |
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| 1952 |
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| 1952 Oscillon 35 by Ben Laposky (Scripta Mathematica, V18). |
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| Prototype of a "light gun" in 1952 was past of the Whirlwind Project at MIT used to hone in on suspicious blips on the CRT in the US air defense system. |
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| First working AI program, Christopher Strachey program the Mark I to play a game of checkers on its screen. the game was completed in 1952. |
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| 1950-53 Oscillons by Ben Laposky. |
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| 1952 Oscillon 40, created by Ben Laposky. Photograph of analog CRT screen. |
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"Come Closer" 3D stereoscopic film 7 min 16mm, by Hy Hirsh. Hirsh made pioneering use of oscilloscope patterns images filmed from a special kind of CRT.
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| The UNIVAC I made history on CBS TV program in 1952, when it predicted Eisenhower's victory. This picture is news coverage of that event. |
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| John Whitney wrote, produced, and directed engineering films on the engineering projects for Douglas Aircraft, illustrating guided missile projects. |
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| The General Motors Research Laboratory began studying computer aided graphical design applications. |
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| The breakthrough in memory technology came in 1952, when Jay Forrester of MIT invented Magnetic Core Memory. |
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| The first graphical computer game is believed to have been OXO (a Tic-tac-toe game), developed by A.S. Douglas in 1952. |
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| 1953 |
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| 1953-55 Herbert W Franke, Lightforms oscilloscope images (Germany). |
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| 1953 SAGE computer CRT Vector display with geographical reference marks. Whirlwind I generates and displays aircraft position information. |
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| Magnetic core memory was first used in Whirlwind on Aug 8, 1953. Computing speed doubled & operating time increased more than 90 percent. |
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In March 1953, Ad introduces the ERA 1103 (UNIVAC 1103). With a wide option of direct input-output devices such as "Graphic visual displays".
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| Eneri (1953) 7 min 16mm film, oscilloscope imagery by Hy Hirsh. |
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| 1952-53 IBM reveals the IBM 701 with 72 CRT's for storage. |
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Ben Laposky exhibit his first exhibition held at Sanford Museum in 1953. It includes over 100 B&W and color images. He produced up to 10,000 works.
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| 1954 |
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| 1954 IBM 740 Cathode ray tube output recorder. |
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| 1954 "Invisible Jet Fighter Makes Test Flight" by REAC (Reeves Electronic Analog Computer). Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation. |
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| One of the best examples of Lissajous figures can be found in the opening sequence of The Outer Limits TV series 1950s. |
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| 1954 IBM' 705 computer using new Magnetic Cores Memory. |
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| 1954 Mary Ellen Bute began using oscilloscope patterns in her films |
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| VOLSCAN Electronic Computer Controls Air Traffic (Electronics Magazine July 1954). The First Computer with a Desktop Graphical User Interface (GUI). |
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| Jack Tramiel starts "Commodore International" which created Commodore C64, VIC20 and the Amiga. Commodore first only repair typing machines. |
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| 1955 |
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| The SAGE system at MIT's Lincoln Lab used the first true light pen as an input device. It was designed by Bert Sutherland. |
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| 1955 X-2 Simulator or GEDA (early analog computer flight simulator) |
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| 1955 First Particle-In-Cell (PIC) program created |
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| 1955 March, Perfecting Tomorrow’s Turbines (Univac Scientific American computer ad). |
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| 1955 The General Motors Research Laboratory setup the "Data Processing" group to program and operate the IBM 704. |
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| 1955 Creation of the Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit |
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| 1955 Oscilloscope Graphics by Herbert W Franke. |
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| 1956 |
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| 1956 November, The first SAGE Direction Center cames online. |
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| 1956 IBM 704/780 records graphic motion pictures at Lawrence Livermore National Labs. |
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| 1956 Oscilloscope Graphics by Herbert W Franke. |
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| 1956 March, Univac Computer Operation in Real-Time (computer ad). "It’s the ideal system for flight simulation and for on-line data reduction." |
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| Mood Contrasts by Mary Ellen Bute. (1956, color, 7 min.) Oscilloscope over backgrounds, including colored liquids, clouds, and grids of colored light. |
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| 1956 October, first manual for programming language FORTRAN appeared |
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| 1956-58 X-1 Reaction Control Cockpit. X-1 simulations were used for pilot training, envelope expansion studies, roll & inertial coupling studies and reaction. |
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| Grafik 1, by Herbert Franke, created his own oscillograms in Vienna. Other work: Grafik 6 1956, Serie 1956 and Serie 1956. |
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| Oszillogramms, created by Herbert W. Franke (Germany). |
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| 1956 "How to Speed Up Invention" paper published in Fortune magazine |
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| Bertram Herzog at the University of Michigan Computing Center used analog computer to generate CRT graphics studies of military vehicle behavior. |
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| 1956 (nd) Grafik Serie by Herbert W Franke (Germany) |
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| IBM begins the design of the Stretch supercomputer (transistorized computer) for the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (installing in 1961). |
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| 1956 Is the date given by Jasia Reichardt as the start of (analogue) Computer Art (in The Computer in Art). |
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| 1957 |
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| 1957 First image-processed photo was created at the National Bureau of Standards |
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| 1957 John Whitney creates analogue computer graphics |
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| The history and notes of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) at Los Alamos National Laboratory |
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| 1957 Large Fluid Distortions Hydrodynamic paper by Francis H Harlow |
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| 1957-65 Oscillon by Ben Laposky. The artist began making black-and-white pieces in 1950 and using filters to color his oscillons in 1957. |
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| IBM and United Aircraft, developed AUTOPROMT which used three-dimensional APT derivative. |
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| 1957 Lawrence Livermore National Labs created recordings of computer colour motion pictures |
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| 1957 Yantra film by James Whitney is finsh, a 16mm colour film. All frames drawn by hand on small filing cards. |
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| IBM 709 was the first equipment of its capacity to work with equal facility on both commercial and scientific or engineering problems. |
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| Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) is founded by Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson. Their first computer the PDP 1 will be released in 1960. |
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| The IBM 740-780 with a separate IBM 704 CRT generated a sequence of points represent lines or shapes. Time-lapse film photography was used to capture this. |
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| 1958 |
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| 1958 John Whitney with Saul Bass works on Hitchcock's feature Vertigo title sequence |
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| 1958 The First Computer Game by Willy Higinbotham at BNL |
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| 1957-65 Color Oscillon by Ben Laposky. |
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| 1958 IBM 704 film recorder and display unit became the basis for the GMR experiments in interactive computer graphics |
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| Integrated Circuit (IC) first invented by Jack Kilby then by Robert Noyce in 1959. Increases the number of computer components involved which advanced CGI. |
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| Ivan Sutherland, Steven Coons, and Timothy Johnson began working at MIT Lincoln Labs with the TX-2 computer to manipulate drawn pictures. |
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| Chandler, R.E., Herman, R. and Montroll, E.W. (1958) Traffic Dynamics: Studies in CarFollowing. Opns. Res., 6, 165-184. |
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| 1959 |
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| In 1959 Dr. Bella Julesz was the first to use two computer-generated 3D images, made up of randomly placed dots, to study depth perception in humans |
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| 1959 DAC-1 (first computer-aided drawing system) development team is started at General Motors |
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| Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Particle-In-Cell (PIC) developed by Francis H. Harlow at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. |
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The first commercial film recorder (General Dynamics' Stromberg Carlson 4020) microfilm plotter was developed & produced.
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1959 January, "Computers Speed Aircraft Design" featuring the Heath Analog Computer (Radio Electronics).
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1959 First Practical Integrated Circuits by Robert Noyce, allowing conducting channels to be printed directly on the silicon surface.
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| The Calcomp 560 drum plotter (1959), was one of the first computer graphics output devices sold allowing line drawings to be made under computer control. |
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| 1950s Bill Fetter began exploring the possibilities of vector graphics |
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| 1959 ERMA, the Electronic Recording Method of Accounting, digitized checking for the Bank of America by creating computer readable font. |
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| 1959 DEUCE "Digital Electronic Universal Computing Engine" CRT displays output of noughts and crosses program. |
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| IBM introduces the IBM 1401 data processing system, IBM's first mass-produced digital, all-transistorized, affordable business computer. |
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| Exhibition: "Experimentale Asthetik" at the Museum fur Angewandte Kunst, Vienna, shows 'oscillons' etc. (Austria). |
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| (1959) Traffic Dynamics: Analysis of Stability in Car Following. Opns. Res., 7, 86-106. Inside: (Computer-generated traffic simulations recorded) |
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| Francis H. Harlow "Two Dimensional Hydrodynamic Calculations," Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report LA-2301 (September 1959). |
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